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DOI: 10.15862/07FLSK325 (https://doi.org/10.15862/07FLSK325)

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Polyakova E.N. [Lexicographic picture of the lexeme bastard] World of Science. Series: Sociology, Philology, Cultural Studies, 2025, Vol. 16, No. 3. Available at: https://sfk-mn.ru/PDF/07FLSK325.pdf (in Russian). DOI: 10.15862/07FLSK325

Lexicographic picture of the lexeme bastard

Polyakova Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
E-mail: polyakova.katerinanik@yandex.ru
RSCI: https://elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=888089

Abstract. This article is an attempt to create a lexicographic picture of the word bastard according to lexicographic sources. Within the framework of the integral approach, the origin of the word is described, and the main versions related to the lexeme’s language of origin are indicated; the coexisting variants (batard, bastard) of its functioning in lexicography before the formation of the norm are revealed; there are 7 LSVs of the polysemous word bastard, presented in pre-revolutionary (early 19th century — 1917), Soviet (from 1922 to 1991) and modern (from 1992 to 2025) dictionaries; the analysis of communicative-prosodic, combinational, syntactic, morphological, word-formation, stylistic properties, as well as semantic connections with other lexemes (synonyms, antonyms) is carried out.

At the beginning of the 20th cent., the meanings of the word belonged to the current terminological vocabulary. In half of the works, 1 meaning (LSV-2) is fixed in connection with the popularization of eugenics and the relevance of the term, as well as the fixation of LSV-1, mainly for the lexeme batard. The most significant semantic transformations under the influence of extralinguistic factors are noted in Soviet lexicography. In the USSR, there is a tendency to narrow the values of LSV-1 (since the 1980s), LSV-2 (since the 1950s), accompanied by the appearance of stylistic differences and the fixation of derivatives. Due to the intensification of the negative connotation of LSV-2 and its derivatives after the war, the word bastard was specified, qualified as «obsolete» and «disappeared» from dictionaries until the 1980s. In modern publications, there is a tendency to narrow down semantics (LSV-1, LSV-2). The dynamics of semantic changes in a polysemous word demonstrates dependence the social policy of the state at a specific period of history. Polysemous word bastard belongs to the passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language. One of the reasons for the transition is the presence of a negative evaluative component of the generating meaning.

Keywords: lexicographic picture; polysemous word; lexical-semantic version; bastard; born out of wedlock; illegitimate child; semantic partition

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