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Artaev S.N., Kaminova K.Yu., Sangadzhi-Goryaeva G.S., Dzhioeva R.R. [Communicative behavior of Kalmyks (using the religious concept of «virtue» as an example)] World of Science. Series: Sociology, Philology, Cultural Studies, 2025, Vol. 16, No. 4. Available at: https://sfk-mn.ru/PDF/44FLSK425.pdf (in Russian).

Communicative behavior of Kalmyks (using the religious concept of «virtue» as an example)

Artaev Sergei Nikolaevich
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
E-mail: ArtaevSN@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-3473
RSCI: https://elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=262401

Kaminova Karina Yuryevna
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
E-mail: kaminova_karina@list.ru

Sangadzhi-Goryaeva Gerel Sergeevna
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
E-mail: gerel.gsg@gmail.com

Dzhioeva Ruslana Ruslanovna
Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
E-mail: cesovalana@gmail.com

Abstract. This article examines and analyzes the characteristics of traditional Kalmyk speech behavior. Speech behavior and communication, in addition to language, culture, and lifestyle, are also strongly influenced by Buddhism. Kalmyks, deeply religious people since ancient times, understood the need to control their actions, deeds, and feelings. Therefore, questions of morality and ethical norms developed by people were reflected in their language. An entire system of rules of conduct existed, a unique system of prohibitions for both adults and children. This system of prohibitions was expressed in the words «not allowed», «should not», and in the concepts of «good» and «bad», «decent» and «indecent», and «beautiful» and «ugly». Concepts based on Buddhist philosophy, such as «kilnts bolkh» (there will be sin) and its opposite, «buin bolkh» (there will be happiness), were the main criteria for Kalmyk behavior. Indirect threats and warnings are also common in Kalmyk communication, designed to emphasize the content of what is being said, the hidden meaning of a potential future disaster. While these previously had a clearly superstitious and religious character — they would take you to a khurul (Buddhist temple) and ask you to tell the truth, confess, etc. — now they take on a truly moral meaning, often with an ethical and behavioral focus.

Traditions and norms of national etiquette, including speech, existed in every family and in every person. They were sacred to everyone, and therefore no one could shirk their observance. Thus, the traditions of the people, closely intertwined with religion, shaped socially significant qualities in people: honesty, hard work, obedience, and self-control.

Keywords: communicative behavior; Buddhism; religion; virtue; norms of behavior; ethics; culture; national and cultural specificity

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